Where am I? > Home > Articles > Volume 47
Research article

https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.031

Key areas for the conservation of endangered reptile species in the Kresna Gorge, south-western Bulgaria


Georgi Popgeorgiev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7625-8898; Angel Dyugmedzhiev https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3765-7076; Simeon Lukanov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2546-6590; Emiliya Vacheva https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-6648; Miroslav Slavchev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2426-8875; Kostadin Andonov https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-5946; Vladislav Vergilov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7464-2263; Deyan Duhalov https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9805-7015; Georgi Krastev https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-761X; Andrei Stojanov; Nikolay Tzankov; Dimitar Plachiyski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-2517; Yurii V. Kornilev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-8728; Borislav Naumov https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2146-208X

4 March 2025 · volume 47 · (issue 3) · pp. 39–47 · PDF [full text]

Abstract: Kresna Gorge and the broader Struma River Valley in south-western Bulgaria host high species diversity, including species of conservation importance and locally restricted distribution. Precise published data on amphibian and reptile distributions, however, are limited and incomplete. Here we summarised 2834 precise distribution records from the herpetofauna in the region, focusing on four key species of conservation importance: Testudo graeca, T. hermanni, Elaphe quatuorlineata and Zamenis situla. We identified three areas of importance for the key species within the study area, confirming the significance of Kresna Gorge. The key species were mostly found at lower elevations, near the major road E79; automotive traffic presents a major threat to the populations.

Keywords: Amphibia, conservation, distribution, mapping, Reptilia, road mortality

References [43]

Ashley E.P., Robinson J.T. 1996 Road mortality of amphibians, reptiles and other wildlife on the Long Point causeway, Lake Erie, Ontario. Canadian Field Naturalist 110: 403–412.
Beschkov V. 2015 Eastern Hermann’s tortoise Eurotestudo hermanni boettgeri (Mojsisovics, 1889). In: Golemanski V., Beron, P., Popov A., Popov V., Beshkov V., Zhivkov M., Spasov N., Michev T., Delchev H., Stoev P., Dobrev D., Bechev B. (eds) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 2. Animals. IBER – BAS and MOEW, Sofia, 202.
Beschkov V. 2015 Spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814. In: Golemanski V., Beron, P., Popov A., Popov V., Beshkov V., Zhivkov M., Spasov N., Michev T., Delchev H., Stoev P., Dobrev D., Bechev B. (eds) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 2. Animals. IBER – BAS and MOEW, Sofia, 203.
Beschkov V. 2015 Four-lined Snake Elaphe quatuorlineata (Lacépède, 1789). In: Golemanski V., Beron, P., Popov A., Popov V., Beshkov V., Zhivkov M., Spasov N., Michev T., Delchev H., Stoev P., Dobrev D., Bechev B. (eds) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 2. Animals. IBER – BAS and MOEW, Sofia, 205.
Beschkov V. 2015 Leopard Snake Zamenis situla (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Golemanski V., Beron, P., Popov A., Popov V., Beshkov V., Zhivkov M., Spasov N., Michev T., Delchev H., Stoev P., Dobrev D., Bechev B. (eds) Red Data Book of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 2. Animals. IBER – BAS and MOEW, Sofia, 207.
Beshkov V. 1961 Beitrag zur zoogeografischen Untersuchung der Herpetofauna in Bulgarien. Bulletin de l’Institut de Zoologie et Musée, Sofia 10: 373–383. (In Bulgarian)
Beshkov V. 1974 Vertical distribution of the snakes in a specific with its species-diverse region of southwestern Bulgaria. Bulletin de l’Institut de Zoologie et Musée, Sofia 40: 167–173. (In Bulgarian)
Beshkov V. 1978 Biological and ecological studies on snakes in Maleshevska Mountain. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Institute of Zoology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 196 pp. (In Bulgarian)
Beshkov V., Dushkov D. 1981 Materials on the batrachophagy and herpetophagy of snakes in Bulgaria. Ecology 9: 3–50. (In Bulgarian)
Beshkov V., Gerasimov S. 1980 Small mammals as food for snakes in the Maleshevska mountain. Ecology 6: 51–60. (In Bulgarian)
Beshkov V., Nankinov D. 1979 Materials on the ornitophagy of snakes in the Maleshevska mountain. Ecology 5: 55–62. (In Bulgarian)
Beškov V., Beron P. 1964 Catalogue et bibliographie des amphibiens et des reptiles en Bulgarie. Éditions da l’académie Bulgare des sciences, Sofia, 36 pp.
Beyer H.L. 2012 Geospatial Modelling Environment (Version 0.7.3.0). (Software). http://www.spatialecology.com/gme.
Buresch I., Zonkow J. 1933 Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Reptilien und Amphibien in Bulgarien und auf der Balkanhalbinsel. II Teil: Schildkröten (Testudinata) und Eidechsen (Sauria). Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia 6: 150–207. (In Bulgarian)
Buresch I., Zonkow J. 1934 Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Reptilien und Amphibien in Bulgarien und auf der Balkanhalbinsel. II Teil: Schlangen (Serpentes). Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia 7: 106–188. (In Bulgarian)
Buresch I., Zonkow J. 1941 Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Reptilien und Amphibien in Bulgarien und auf der Balkanhalbinsel. III Teil: Schwanzamphibien (Amphibia, Caudata). Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia 14: 171–237. (In Bulgarian)
Buresch I., Zonkow J. 1942 Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung der Reptilien und Amphibien in Bulgarien und auf der Balkanhalbinsel. IV. Teil: Froschlurche (Amphibia, Salientia). Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia 15: 68–165. (In Bulgarian)
Campioni L., del Mar Delgado M., Lourenço R., Bastianelli G., Fernández N., Penteriani V. 2013 Individual and spatiotemporal variations in the home range behaviour of a long-lived, territorial species. Oecologia 172: 371–385.
Dyugmedzhiev A., Slavchev M., Naumov B. 2019 Emergence and dispersal of snakes after syntopic hibernation. Herpetozoa 32: 149–157.
Gitzen R., Millspaugh J., Kernohan B. 2006 Bandwidth selection for fixed-kernel analysis of animal utilization distributions. Journal of Wildlife Management 70 (5): 1334–1344.
Grozdanov A., Peshev H., Stoynov E., Vangelova N., Van Leest M., Wielpstra H., Parvanov D. 2016 Contribution to the faunistic research and conservation of the herpetofauna of the northern Kresna Gorge and some adjacent areas. Annuaire de l’Université de Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski” Faculte de Biologie 101 (4): 44–54.
Hubenov Z. 2001 Physicogeographical characteristic of Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria). In: Beron P. (ed.) Biodiversity of Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria). National Museum of Natural History and Institute of Zoology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 7–22. (In Bulgarian)
Kambourova-Ivanova N., Koshev Y., Popgeorgiev G., Ragyov D., Pavlova M., Mollov I., Nedialkov N. 2012 Effect of traffic on mortality of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals on two types of roads between Pazardzhik and Plovdiv region (Bulgaria) – preliminary results. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 64 (1): 57–67.
Kornilev Y.V., Popgeorgiev G., Naumov B., Stoyanov A., Tzankov N. 2017 Updated distribution and ecological requirements of the native freshwater turtles in Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Supplement 10: 65–76.
Meek R. 2009 Patterns of reptile road-kills in the Vendée region of western France. Herpetological Journal 19: 135–142.
Mitrevichin E., Peshev H., Stoynov E., Grozdanov A., Sakelarieva L., Pulev A. 2023 Biological and ecological characteristics of Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 and T. graeca Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudines: Testudinidae) in the northwestern foothills of the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica Supplement 16: 25–33.
Mitrevichin E., Sakelarieva L., Peshev H., Pulev A. 2023 Notes on the diet of Testudo hermanni boettgeri and T. graeca ibera in south-western Bulgaria with first cases of geophagy and myrmecophagy from the country. ZooNotes 228: 1–4.
Mitrevichin E., Sakelarieva L., Peshev H., Pulev A. 2023 Ecological study on the populations of two sympatric species of tortoises – Testudo hermanni and T. graeca (Testudines: Testudinidae) in South-Western Bulgaria. Ecologia Balcanica 15 (2): 162–173.
Mollov I.A., Naumov B.Y., Dobrev D.D., Popgeorgiev G.S. 2013 Conservation activities for European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis) in Bulgaria. Herpetology Notes 6: 135–138.
Mollov I., Kirov K., Petrova S., Georgiev D., Velcheva I. 2013 Assessing the influence of the automobile traffic on the amphibians and reptiles in the buffer zone of Biosphere Reserve “Srebarna” (NE Bulgaria). Ecologia Balkanica 5: 31–39.
National Company Strategic Infrastructure Projects 2014 Update traffic forecast and “cost - benefit” analysis for Lot 3 of “Struma”. Report to update the forecast traffic. Version 01 29.12.2014 g. OP Transport 2007–2013, 111 pp.
Naumov B., Tomović L. 2007 A review of distribution and conservation status of Zamenis situla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia: Colubridae) in Bulgaria. Acta Herpetologica 2 (1): 7–10.
Naumov B.Y., Popgeorgiev G.S., Dyugmedzhiev A.V., Beshkov V.A. 2020 On the maximum sizes in snake species (Reptilia: Serpentes) from Bulgaria. Ecologia Balkanica 12 (2): 13–20.
Paterson J.E., Baxter‐Gilbert J., Beaudry F., Carstairs S., Chow‐Fraser P., Edge C.B., Lentini A.M., Litzgus J.D., Markle C.E., McKeown K., Moore J.A., Refsnider J.M., Riley J.L., Rouse J.D., Seburn D.C., Zimmerling J.R., Davy C.M. 2019 Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles. Ecology and Evolution 9: 9794–9803.
Petrov B., Beshkov V. 2001 Amphibians (Amphibia) and Reptiles (Reptilia) in Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria). In: Beron, P. (ed.) Biodiversity of Kresna Gorge (SW Bulgaria). National Museum of Natural History and Institute of Zoology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 297–303. (In Bulgarian)
Petrov B., Duhalov D., Aleksov R., Kovachev A., Pulev A. 2006 NMNH monitoring database for animals, victims of car traffic in the Kresna Gorge in the period 2003–2006. nmnhs.com/downloads/varia/nmnhs-monitoring-2003-2006.xlsx.
R Development Core Team 2013 R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
RStudio Team 2015 RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, Inc., Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.com/.
Seaman D.E., Powell R.A 1996 An evaluation of the accuracy of kernel density estimators for home range analysis. Ecology 77: 2075–2085.
Smith L.L., Dodd C.K. 2003 Wildlife mortality on U.S. Highway 441 across Paynes Prairie, Alachua County, Florida. Florida Scientists 66 (2): 128–140.
Stojanov A. 2000 Hornpanzeranomalien bei den Landschildkröten (Testudo graeca ibera und Testudo hermanni boettgeri) in Bulgarien. Historia naturalis bulgarica 11: 97–105.
Stojanov A., Tzankov N., Naumov B. 2011 Die Amphibien und Reptilien Bulgariens. Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 586 pp.
Worton B.J. 1989 Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology 70: 164–168.

Supplementary materials [1]

01
Document title: Coordinates, altitude and source reference of the locations for Elaphe quatuorlineata, Testudo graeca, Testudo hermanni and Zamenis situla, used for the analyses in the current study
Kind of document: Microsoft Excel (OpenXML)
MIME type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet
Document name: 000578000472025-01.xlsx
https://doi.org/10.48027/hnb.47.031/01

— views: 90 (updated daily)

Cite as

Popgeorgiev G., Dyugmedzhiev A., Lukanov S., Vacheva E., Slavchev M., Andonov K., Vergilov V., Duhalov D., Krastev G., Stojanov A., Tzankov N., Plachiyski D., Kornilev Yu. V., Naumov B. 2025 Key areas for the conservation of endangered reptile species in the Kresna Gorge, south-western Bulgaria. Historia naturalis bulgarica 47: 39–47.

Export: BibTeX EndNote RefMan · JATS metadata

Open access
All journal content is available for free under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).